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Five major theoretical bases for counseling in psychology are biological,
learning, cognitive, psychodynamic, and sociocultural. Each one of these
perspectives searches for answers about behavior through different techniques
and researching a clients childhood or adult life experiences looking for
answers to different kinds of questions. Due to the different types and styles
of counseling approaches, each counselor forms their own thoughts and
explanations.
The premise behind the biological perspective in psychology is
that all actions, feelings, and thoughts are associated with different events in
a person's life. Biological psychologists examine how the electrical impulses,
hormones, and chemicals flowing through the body can affect behavior.
Physocologists are concerned with how the aspects of biology effect people's
emotions and their perception of events.
Many of the important findings in
psychology from the behavioral theory later evolving into the social learning
theory or cognitive social learning theory. Behavior therapists used to believe
that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. This concept led to a
broadening of psychology. Many groups that were often overlooked by
psychologists until behavior therapy became the dominant school of psychology in
the U.S. after the 1960\'s.
The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses
on the thought process. Psychologists from this school argue that it is
necessary to know what is going on in the mind to fully understand why a person
will do the things that they do. The reason for cognitive psychology is to
understand how perceptions and interpretations relate to behavior. Why some
people turn to violence when insulted while another person will not.
Many
critics of the psychodynamic therapy do not believe psychodynamic theories have
any bearing on psychology. Based upon the fact that many of the psychoanalysis
assumptions could not be verified. Research psychologists were more related to
philosophy rather than clinical science. Though not as scientific as the other
theories the psychodynamic theory is still associated with psychology.
The
sociocultural perspective concentrates on an individual's culture or society
rather than the individual. To understand why people show certain behavior
traits. Psychologists look at what effects the person\'s community and how other
people affect a person.
These five theoretical bases are similar because
they all try to determine what causes a person to be how they are.
If I were
to do counseling, I think I would like to become a behavior therapist. I am
fascinated by what makes a person what they are, and why does a person do what
they do? Where do personalities come from? It is said that personality does come
from a specific point in a person's childhood, and from there it continues to
grow. A counselor must first look at certain assumptions that are commonly made
when developing a behavioral theory.
The first of these assumptions concerns
whether one believes that the behaviors, type of action, a person exhibits are
produced by choices and decisions made beyond a clients own control. Everyone
has the power to choose their actions no matter of the influence of heredity and
environment. A person's actions are not predetermined.
Someone who grew up
in an abusive and alcoholic family may as an adult become abusive and alcohol
dependant. But it can be assumed that people have free will. There is always the
option for a person to make his or her own decisions.
When our class went to
visit a C.A.P.S. rehabilitation house last month, I was able to talk to some of
the people that lived there and I learned that each of them did make their own
choices. I also learned that they are using their ability to change their
choices to better themselves and their environments.
I was amazed to see
that the people that lived there were people just like me. The difference is
they chose to make different choices than I did. Some chose drugs, alcohol and
crime. Some made all of these choices and some didn't.
I do feel that some
choices are learning experiences that can give a person the choice to do better
or worse.
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