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Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different learning
methods. The two methods have the word conditioning in common. What is
conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior
in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning
are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in
which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to
another, previously neutral stimulus. Manipulating reflexes does this. Operant
conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is
increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. Operant
conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process.
These two forms of
learning have similarities and differences. Their similarities are that they
both produce basic phenomena. One such phenomenon is acquisition. Both types of
conditioning result in the inheritance of a behavior.
One of the most famous
of experiments that illustrates classical conditioning is Pavlov's Dogs. In this
experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation
of a bell. The bell was the conditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus was an
originally neutral stimulus that could eventually produce a desired response
when presented alone. Directly after the ringing of the bell, Pavlov gave the
dog food. The food was the unconditioned stimulus. This means that the food
caused an uncontrollable response whenever it was presented alone. That response
would be the salivation of the dog. A tube that was in the dog's mouth then
measured the saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus (US) was paired with a
conditioned stimulus (CS), it eventually resulted in a conditioned response.
Extinction results if there is a decrease in frequency or strength of a learned
response due to the failure to continue to pair the US and the CS.
Extinction can also occur in operant conditioning. The key to operant
conditioning is reinforcement. Reinforcement is when a stimulus is presented
that increases the probability that the preceding response will recur in the
future. If reinforcement is withheld, extinction will occur in operant
conditioning. Another factor that is involved in conditioning is spontaneous
recovery. That is the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage
of time, without further training. If Pavlov's dogs did not hear the bell for a
few years, and if when they heard it later they drooled, it would be an example
of spontaneous recovery.
Something similar occurs with operant conditioning.
If an animal was conditioned to behave in a certain manor, but then their
reinforcement was stopped, that animal may still have a reaction to the stimulus
at a much later date. Organisms that are being conditioned through operant or
classical conditioning can go through something that is known as stimulus
generalization. This is when there is a transfer of a learned response to
different but similar stimuli. An example would be if one of Pavlov's dogs
salivated to the sound of a bell that was different from the one that they were
originally conditioned with. Stimulus discrimination is another phenomena that
occurs with classical and operant conditioning. Discrimination is when an
organism learns to respond to only one stimulus and inhibit the response to all
other stimuli. It is the reverse of generalization. If an organism hears many
different sounds, but is only given reinforcement for responding to only one of
the sounds, it learns to discriminate between the sounds.
Some of the
differences between operant and classical conditioning lie in the extent to
which reinforcement depends on the behavior of the learner. In classical
conditioning, the learner is automatically reinforced. That is how it learns to
respond to a once neutral stimulus. In operant conditioning, the learner must
provide a correct response in order to received the reinforcement. Another
difference between the two forms of conditioning is the type of behavior to
which each method applies. Classical conditioning applies to a behavior that is
always wanted. It was Pavlov's purpose to have the dogs salivate on command. In
operant conditioning, a behavior can be learned or extinguished. If you wanted
to train a dog not to do something, you would use a form of punishment.
Classical and operant conditioning are similar, but they do differ in a few
ways. Both are fairly reliable ways to teach an organism to act in a specific
manor.
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