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David Hume
David Hume was born on May 7, 1711 in Edinburgh,
Scotland, into a middle class family. His father died while he was young and
left him with wage of 50 pounds a year. When he was twelve years old he went to
Edinburgh University but dropped out three years later without receiving a
degree. Hume had a plan to be a "literary hero" instead of practicing law like
he was supposed to do, so he spent the next three years of his life reading
Greek and Roman classics. In 1729 he already had a plan for his first literary
work. In 1734 he moved to France where he was able to live more comfortably with
his 50 pounds a year and could study and read more than ever before.
In
1739, A Treatise of Human Nature was published after Hume returned to England
with expectations of fame. Hume was very disappointed when the public generally
ignored his writing. Hume turned to writing political essays which were more
successful, and applied to be an ethics professor at Edinburgh University.
Although easily qualified for the position, he was denied the job because of his
supposed Atheism.
After this, he turned around and rewrote A Treatise of
Human Nature in order to clarify some of his views that offended people. His
revision was titled An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. In 1751 Hume
published An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. This writing was not
an instant success, and after serving briefly in the military, he began to write
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and The History of England, which was
published in six volumes from 1754 to 1762. Dialogues Concerning Natural
Religion was not published until three years after his death in 1779. The
History of England provided him with the literary fame he always wanted, rather
than his extensive philosophical works which were pretty much ignored by the
public because everyone thought he was Atheist and didn't want to "buy into" his
ideas.
From 1763 to 1767, Hume was Secretary of the British Ambassador to
France, Earl of Hertford. In 1767 he returned to Scotland and finally had no
financial worries. Hume was now receiving around 1,000 pounds a year from his
writings. In 1775 he became ill, and died peacefully on August 25 of 1776.
David Hume looked at the world in logical terms only. He was a realist who,
through philosophy, always had to distinguish between the impressions of human
experience and the ideas which are changing representations of life experiences.
Hume was also a skeptic, who did not accept anything that presented itself as
knowledge until it was proven to be so. Hume believed that people act based on
customs and "tradition" instead of reason. He believed that a relationship will
follow its own definition as casual, sexual, romantic, friendly, unhealthy and
so on based on single events and occurrences that happened during the last
encounter of the people in the relationship. And that each event was singular
and not directly linked with the last, that's just how we perceived the
encounters to be because we were acting and perceiving the relationship as a
custom or tradition. Not just the relationship but our actions, emotions, and
outlooks were all "supposed" to follow in a certain manner, and so they follow
this manner because it is what we expect (as tradition.) This is probably not
very clearly explained by me because I had trouble reading it myself,
interpreting it for myself, and writing down what I interpreted (or thought I
interpreted) from my research.
Like I mentioned earlier, Hume was suspected
to be an Atheist. Even though Hume never denied God's existence, he felt it was
wrong to believe in miracles and give God credit to the experience of a
"miracle." Whenever Hume would hear of a miracle he would test it against rules
of evidence and logic and found people's belief of miracle's to be just plain
absurd. This supports his belief that people do not act upon reason at all, and
can be very irrational when something shocking happens. Hume was also an extreme
skeptic. Some even think of Hume's skepticism as all negativity but Hume
objected to this view. Hume simply did not trust any theory that was not based
solely on human experience.
Perhaps what Hume is most known for is his
opinion that people have no ideas at all in the mind that are based on something
we did not perceive. He thought that all human knowledge is limited to what we
take in with our senses and how we perceive that information. He has that
clean-slate philosophy we talked about in class where a person isn't born with
any knowledge, ideas, or impressions in their brains from birth. This is what's
called empiricism.
I don't think I'm really qualified to agree or disagree
with Hume's empiricist philosophy because I don't know the arguments from both
sides of the coin. I know that I can agree with what Hume is saying because he
makes it believable, and I think that is one thing a philosopher has to do to
get his views to be accepted. But on the other hand, I'm sure I could listen to
someone who opposed his views and I could agree with them too. I find myself
doing that in class often. I hear one thing and agree with it until I hear the
other side of the story and I change my opinion somewhat. It seems like there is
always an intersection between two philosophies that I agree with; a part of one
type and a part of its direct opposite. I think it's completely believable that
all of our knowledge comes from just what we experience in our lives through
each of our senses. I know I can say that in my life, as far as I can see, this
is true. Then again I don't know of what these scientists have been discovering
about newborn babies already having pre-conceived ideas and impressions
imprinted in their minds. Like what you were telling us about the twins who
never met before having interest in the same type of women. Genetics might be
able to imprint information and a pre-conceived pathway for our actions, likes,
and dislikes. So to sum up my opinion of Hume's philosophy, I'd have to say I'm
a little sketchy. I don't agree with him one hundred percent and I don't
disagree with him one hundred percent. Basically because I know there are things
out there I don't know about that I'm sure could persuade me more either
way.
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